Download Complete reference to C++ PDF

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Page 48

-------------------------------c++------------------------------------

{
static int x =0;
x++;
cout<<“\n x = ”<<x;

}
void main()
{

int i;
for (i=1;i<=5;i++)

stat();
}

Note: A static variable is initialized only once and the subsequent function calls can access the value of the
previous execution.
If the declaration static is removed, x will be initialized 5 times.

SESSION-13

new concepts in c++-oops

Pointers and Arrays

One of the most common problems in programming in C (and sometimes C++) is the
understanding of pointers and arrays. In C (C++) both are highly related with some small
but essential differences. You declare a pointer by putting an asterisk between the data
type and the name of the variable or function:

char *strp; /* strp is `pointer to char' */

You access the content of a pointer by dereferencing it using again the asterisk:

*strp = 'a'; /* A single character */

As in other languages, you must provide some space for the value to which the pointer
points. A pointer to characters can be used to point to a sequence of characters: the string.

Strings in C are terminated by a special character NUL (0 or as char ' '). Thus, you can
have strings of any length. Strings are enclosed in double quotes:

strp = "hello";

In this case, the compiler automatically adds the terminating NUL character. Now, strp
points to a sequence of 6 characters. The first character is `h', the second `e' and so forth.
We can access these characters by an index in strp:

strp[0] /* h */
strp[1] /* e */
strp[2] /* l */
strp[3] /* l */